Logic

Here’s the revised version, including a brief explanation (PS) after each example to show why it’s a logical fallacy:

Logical fallacies are errors in reasoning that undermine the logic of an argument. They can appear persuasive but are fundamentally flawed. Below are examples of common logical fallacies along with explanations to help you recognize and avoid them.

Ad Hominem - هجوم شخصي

You can't trust his opinion on climate change because he's not a scientist.

PS: This is a personal attack rather than addressing the argument itself. His expertise may be relevant, but dismissing his opinion solely because of his profession is fallacious.

لا يمكنك الوثوق برأيه حول تغير المناخ لأنه ليس عالمًا

Straw Man - رجل القش

People who support environmental regulations just want to shut down all factories.

PS: This misrepresents the actual position, exaggerating it to make it easier to attack.

الأشخاص الذين يدعمون اللوائح البيئية يريدون فقط إغلاق جميع المصانع

Appeal to Authority - مناشدة السلطة

This diet must be effective because a famous actor endorses it.

PS: Endorsement by a celebrity does not guarantee effectiveness. Expertise and evidence are more important than fame.

يجب أن يكون هذا النظام الغذائي فعالاً لأن ممثلًا مشهورًا يوصي به

Slippery Slope - المنحدر الزلق

If we allow students to redo exams, next they'll demand automatic passing grades.

PS: This fallacy assumes without evidence that one step will inevitably lead to an extreme consequence.

إذا سمحنا للطلاب بإعادة الامتحانات، فسيطالبون بعد ذلك بدرجات نجاح تلقائية

False Dilemma - معضلة زائفة

You’re either with us or against us—there’s no middle ground.

PS: This fallacy ignores other possibilities and presents only two extreme choices.

أنت إما معنا أو ضدنا - لا يوجد حل وسط

Hasty Generalization - التعميم المتسرع

My neighbor is rude, so everyone in this neighborhood must be unfriendly.

PS: This generalizes from a single example without sufficient evidence.

جاري وقح، لذلك يجب أن يكون كل شخص في هذا الحي غير ودود

Circular Reasoning - الاستدلال الدائري

She is a great leader because she leads well.

PS: This argument uses its conclusion as its premise without offering independent evidence.

هي قائدة عظيمة لأنها تقود بشكل جيد

Appeal to Emotion - مناشدة العاطفة

You should donate to this charity because otherwise, innocent children will suffer.

PS: This relies on emotional manipulation rather than presenting factual reasons to support the cause.

يجب أن تتبرع لهذه الجمعية الخيرية وإلا سيعاني الأطفال الأبرياء

Post Hoc - مغالطة ما بعد ذلك

The team started losing after I bought their jersey, so I must be bad luck.

PS: Correlation does not imply causation. Buying the jersey did not cause the losses.

بدأ الفريق يخسر بعد أن اشتريت قميصهم، لذلك يجب أن أكون فأل سوء

Red Herring - مغالطة السمكة الحمراء

We shouldn’t worry about climate change because there are more pressing issues like street crime.

PS: This distracts from the issue by shifting attention to a different, unrelated problem.

لا ينبغي أن نقلق بشأن تغير المناخ لأن هناك قضايا أكثر إلحاحًا مثل الجريمة في الشوارع

Let me know if you’d like more examples or additional fallacies!

........ اللسان الإنجليزي ........

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Logic

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